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1 computer arithmetic
термин относится к реализации в процессорах алгоритмов выполнения арифметических операцийАнгло-русский толковый словарь терминов и сокращений по ВТ, Интернету и программированию. > computer arithmetic
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2 arithmetic
1) арифметиканабор элементарных операций, включающий в себя сложение, вычитание, умножение и деление чисел.There are two basic types of arithmetic used in DSP, floating point or fixed point — При цифровой обработке сигналов ( ЦОС) используются два основных вида арифметических операций, с плавающей запятой или с фиксированной запятой см. тж. address arithmetic, arithmetic conversion, arithmetic encoding, arithmetic expression, arithmetic operation, arithmetic operator, arithmetic shift, computer arithmetic, decimal arithmetic, multiprecision arithmetic, pointer arithmetic
Англо-русский толковый словарь терминов и сокращений по ВТ, Интернету и программированию. > arithmetic
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3 Arithmetic unit
(computer)وحدة حسابية -
4 Arithmetic and Logic Unit
aritmetische en logische eenheid (zich in verwerkend systeem in computer bevindend en rekenkundige en logische activiteiten verricht), (ALU - afk.) -
5 arithmetic logic unit
Rekenkundige logica eenheid (een deel van computer verwerker die verantwoordelijk is voor rekenkundige handelingen) -
6 arithmetic speed
operating speed — рабочая скорость; быстродействие
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7 arithmetic power
computer power — вычислительная мощность; вычислительный ресурс
fortunately he wants the power to do it — к счастью, у него нет возможности сделать это
English-Russian big polytechnic dictionary > arithmetic power
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8 Arithmetic overflow
Iஎண்கணித வழிவுIIகணக்கீட்டு வழிவுஎண்கணித வழிவு -
9 arithmetic computer unit
Универсальный англо-русский словарь > arithmetic computer unit
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10 arithmetic computer
n.mathematischer Rechner m. -
11 decimal arithmetic
набор машинных команд, обеспечивающих выполнение операций над числами в десятичной системе счисления. Обычно реализуется для поддержки финансовых и экономических приложенийАнгло-русский толковый словарь терминов и сокращений по ВТ, Интернету и программированию. > decimal arithmetic
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12 Binary arithmetic
Iஇருமக் கணக்கீடு/இரும எண்கணிதம்IIஇருமக்கணக்கீடுஇருமக் கணக்கீடு/இரும எண்கணிதம் -
13 receiving register of the arithmetic unit of a computer
Универсальный англо-русский словарь > receiving register of the arithmetic unit of a computer
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14 ALU
1) Arithmetic Logic Unit - арифметико-логическое устройство, АЛУбазовая часть процессора, комбинационная схема (combinational circuit), выполняющая набор его арифметических (addition, subtraction, multiplication, division и др.) и логических (AND, OR, NOT, XOR и/или др.) команд, а также команды сдвигов и сравнений. Кроме того, АЛУ выполняет операции адресной арифметики, хотя для этой цели могут использоваться отдельные блоки AGU. Команды арифметики с плавающей запятой выполняются блоком FPU, управление памятью и взаимодействие с внешними устройствами осуществляется блоком MMUсм. тж. accumulator, adder, carry flag, combinational circuit, command set, computer arithmetic, control unit, CPU, CRISP, register2) Association of Lisp Users - Ассоциация пользователей языка Лиспсм. тж. LispАнгло-русский толковый словарь терминов и сокращений по ВТ, Интернету и программированию. > ALU
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15 unit
1) единица, число 1 ( наименьшее положительное целое число)2) единица (физической) величины; единица измерения ( величины)3) элемент; компонент4) нейрон5) блок; узел; модуль; секция; звено6) прибор; устройство7) аппарат; установка•- unit under test
- abrasive-cleaning unit
- absolute units
- acknowledgement signal unit
- acoustic units
- allocation unit
- angle-tracking unit
- Ångström unit
- answer-back unit
- answering unit
- antenna coupler unit
- anticoincidence unit
- arbitrary unit
- arithmetic unit
- arithmetic and logic unit
- assembly unit
- associative unit
- attached unit
- audio processing unit
- audio-response unit
- automatic calling unit
- automatic lock-on unit
- automatic range tracking unit
- auxiliary power unit
- balanced-armature unit
- balancing unit
- base station unit
- base station control unit
- basic display unit
- basic measurement unit
- basic processing unit
- beam steering unit
- best matching unit
- bistable unit
- break-contact unit
- bubble unit
- bubble storage unit
- buffer unit
- bus interface unit
- camera control unit
- capacitor-resistor unit
- card punch unit
- card punching unit
- card-reader unit
- cassette unit
- central processing unit
- certificate signing unit
- CGS units
- changeover-contact unit
- channel unit
- channel service unit
- channel service unit/digital service unit
- chrominance unit
- clock unit
- cluster unit
- coefficient unit
- coil-spring reverberation unit
- coincidence unit
- communications control unit
- competitive unit
- computer interface unit
- connectionist unit
- control unit
- control-display unit
- converter unit
- conveyorized drying unit
- crosstalk unit
- curve scanning unit
- data unit
- data-acquisition unit
- data-adapter unit
- data-collection unit
- data encryption unit
- data-handling unit
- data transfer unit
- delay unit
- derived units
- developer unit
- dialing unit
- differentiating unit
- digital reverberation-echo unit
- digital service unit
- digital storage unit
- discrete unit
- disk unit
- display unit
- driver unit
- dual processing unit
- electron unit
- ENIGMA duration unit
- ENIGMA virtual page unit
- execution unit
- expansion unit
- experimental unit
- failed unit
- failure unit
- fixed-head disk unit
- floating-point processing unit
- forming unit
- frequency identification unit
- fuel-cell unit
- function unit
- fundamental units
- GeForce graphics processing unit
- geometrical unit
- graphics processing unit
- hidden unit
- hidden-layer unit
- Horner unit
- imaginary unit
- inductive energy storage unit
- inertial measurement unit
- information unit
- in-order retirement unit
- input unit
- input/output unit
- inquiry unit
- instruction unit
- instruction fetch unit
- integrating unit
- interface unit
- internetwork unit
- interrogating unit
- I/O control unit
- LAN access unit
- language unit
- line terminal unit
- logical unit
- magnetic-core storage unit
- magnetic tape unit
- mains unit
- make-contact unit
- matching unit
- matrix unit
- maximum transmission unit
- measurement unit
- medium attachment unit
- memory unit
- memory management unit
- microcontrol unit
- microprocessing unit
- microprocessor unit
- microprocessor control unit
- microprocessor-controlled unit
- microprogrammed unit
- MKS units
- mobile TV unit
- modular unit
- motor unit
- movable-head disk unit
- multiple unit
- multiplier unit
- multiply/accumulate unit
- multipoint control unit
- multistation access unit
- near-eye unit
- nerve unit
- network interface unit
- neural-like unit
- neuromotor unit
- numeric processing unit
- observation unit
- off-line unit
- on-line unit
- orderwire unit
- output unit
- paged memory management unit
- parallel arithmetic unit
- perceptual unit
- peripheral unit
- peripheral interface unit
- peripheral processing unit
- permanent storage unit
- piezoelectric-crystal unit
- pluggable unit
- plug-in unit
- processing unit
- processor unit
- producer's desk unit
- program-control unit
- protected data unit
- protocol data unit
- prototype unit
- quartz-crystal unit
- radio channel unit
- random-access storage unit
- reader unit
- read-write unit
- receptor unit
- recording unit
- register, arithmetic and logic unit
- reproducing unit
- reserve unit
- resistor-capacitor unit
- response unit
- reverberation unit
- sample unit
- sampling unit
- satellite delay compensation unit
- secure access unit
- secure telephone unit
- self-contained unit
- semantic unit
- sensory unit
- serial arithmetic unit
- service unit
- service protocol unit
- shaker unit
- SI units
- six-head tape-loop echo-reverberation unit
- slide unit
- spare unit
- standby unit
- start unit
- stop unit
- storage unit
- summing unit
- system processing unit
- tape unit
- telecine unit
- terminal unit
- terminal-control unit
- terminal-interchange unit
- time-base unit
- time processor unit
- timing unit
- traffic unit
- translation unit
- transmission control unit
- trichromatic unit
- tuning unit
- turntable unit
- ultimate sampling unit
- visual display unit
- voice-response unit
- volume unit
- winning unit
- wire-stripping unit
- word-processing unit
- writing unit -
16 ACU
1) Общая лексика: (Asian Clearing Union) Азиатский клиринговый союз2) Авиация: alpha call up, antena coupler unit3) Морской термин: anti-collision unit( сокр.) (автономная система предупреждения столкновений (судов))4) Военный термин: Air Control Unit, Area Common User, administrative control unit, aircraft control unit, assault craft unit, Полевая форма одежды СВ (Army Combat Uniform), academic credit unit (сокр.) (учебное подразделение (в училище))5) Техника: acceleration compensation unit, actuator control unit, air cleanup unit, airframe characterization unit, antenna coupler unit, anti-collision unit, arithmetic computer unit, avionics cooling unit, gas-turbine acceleration control unit ( сокр.) (блок контроля ускорения газотурбинной установки)6) Метеорология: Acquisition Control Unit7) Экономика: Азиатский клиринговый союз (Asian Clearing Union)8) Радио: antenna coupler unit( сокр.) (устройство связи с антенной)9) Сокращение: Acceleration Control Unit, Adaptive Control Unit, Air Conditioning Unit, Airborne Computer Unit, Alarm Control Unit, Analysis Control Unit, Antenna Control Unit, Artillery Computer Unit, Association of Commonwealth Universities, Automatic Call Unit, Avionics Control Unit, Avionics-Control Unit, Address Computation Unit, Association of College Unions (Ассоциация студенческих (спортивных) союзов (США)), Arithmetic & Control Unit10) Университет: Abilene Christian University11) Вычислительная техника: автоматическое вызывное устройство, Automatic Client Update (Novell, Netware), Automatic Call Unit (Telephony)12) Нефть: automatic control unit13) Банковское дело: Азиатский валютный отдел (Сингапур; Asian currency unit)14) Деловая лексика: Азиатский валютный отдел (Сингапур, Asian currency unit)15) Инвестиции: Asian currency unit16) Сетевые технологии: Automatic Client Upgrade, automatic calling unit, automatic client update, availability control unit, автоматическое обновление клиента, устройство управления доступом17) Автоматика: acoustic command unit (сокр.) (акустический командный блок), alternating current control unit (блок управления переменного тока)18) МИД: Asian Clearing Union19) Христианство: (Abilene Christian University) Абилинский Христианский Университет20) НАСА: Attitude Control Unit21) AMEX. Acme United Corporation -
17 AcU
1) Общая лексика: (Asian Clearing Union) Азиатский клиринговый союз2) Авиация: alpha call up, antena coupler unit3) Морской термин: anti-collision unit( сокр.) (автономная система предупреждения столкновений (судов))4) Военный термин: Air Control Unit, Area Common User, administrative control unit, aircraft control unit, assault craft unit, Полевая форма одежды СВ (Army Combat Uniform), academic credit unit (сокр.) (учебное подразделение (в училище))5) Техника: acceleration compensation unit, actuator control unit, air cleanup unit, airframe characterization unit, antenna coupler unit, anti-collision unit, arithmetic computer unit, avionics cooling unit, gas-turbine acceleration control unit ( сокр.) (блок контроля ускорения газотурбинной установки)6) Метеорология: Acquisition Control Unit7) Экономика: Азиатский клиринговый союз (Asian Clearing Union)8) Радио: antenna coupler unit( сокр.) (устройство связи с антенной)9) Сокращение: Acceleration Control Unit, Adaptive Control Unit, Air Conditioning Unit, Airborne Computer Unit, Alarm Control Unit, Analysis Control Unit, Antenna Control Unit, Artillery Computer Unit, Association of Commonwealth Universities, Automatic Call Unit, Avionics Control Unit, Avionics-Control Unit, Address Computation Unit, Association of College Unions (Ассоциация студенческих (спортивных) союзов (США)), Arithmetic & Control Unit10) Университет: Abilene Christian University11) Вычислительная техника: автоматическое вызывное устройство, Automatic Client Update (Novell, Netware), Automatic Call Unit (Telephony)12) Нефть: automatic control unit13) Банковское дело: Азиатский валютный отдел (Сингапур; Asian currency unit)14) Деловая лексика: Азиатский валютный отдел (Сингапур, Asian currency unit)15) Инвестиции: Asian currency unit16) Сетевые технологии: Automatic Client Upgrade, automatic calling unit, automatic client update, availability control unit, автоматическое обновление клиента, устройство управления доступом17) Автоматика: acoustic command unit (сокр.) (акустический командный блок), alternating current control unit (блок управления переменного тока)18) МИД: Asian Clearing Union19) Христианство: (Abilene Christian University) Абилинский Христианский Университет20) НАСА: Attitude Control Unit21) AMEX. Acme United Corporation -
18 DAC
1) Общая лексика: Discipline Acceptance Certificate2) Компьютерная техника: Digital Analog Converter, Dual Attachment Concentrator3) Авиация: design aperture cards, drawing aperture card4) Медицина: деацетилаза5) Американизм: Deferred Acquisition Costs6) Спорт: Drive Attitude And Confidence7) Военный термин: Date of Award of Contract, Department of Army Civilian, Department of the Army Civilian, Department of the Army civilians, Deputy Assistant Commandant, Deputy Assistant Controller, Designated Acquisition Commanders, Development Assistance Committee of OECD, Digital To Analog Conversion, Director of Army Contracts, Discriminating Attack Capability, damage assessment center, data analysis and control, data analysis console, division artillery commander, divisional ammunition column8) Техника: data acquisition computer, data acquisition controller, data analysis central, design acceptance criteria, digital-analog conversion, digital-analog converter, digital-to-analog conversion, direct access computing, director assignment console, display analysis console, document availably code9) Грубое выражение: Dirty Ass Crabs10) Металлургия: distance-amplitude correction (коррекция расстояния/амплитуды в дефектоскопах)11) Политика: КСР (Development Assistance Committee - http://www.oecd.org/document/32/0,3343,en_2649_33721_42632800_1_1_1_1,00.html), Комитет содействия развитию12) Телекоммуникации: Dual Attachment Concentrator (FDDI)13) Сокращение: Dangerous Air Cargo, Defence Audit Centre, Deployable ACCS Component, Deputate for Avionics Control, Designated Acquisition Commander, Digital Autopilot Control, Digital to Analog Converter, Douglas Aircraft Co. (USA), days after contract, Design Automation Conference, Development Assistance Committee, Digital Arithmetic Centre, Drive Automatic Computer14) Университет: Dean Advisory Council15) Физика: Diamond Anvil high pressure Cell, АВД (аппарат высокого давления с алмазными наковальнями), КВД (камера высокого давления с алмазными наковальнями), Diamond Anvil Cell, АВД типа "Наковальня"16) Электроника: Dual Attached Concentrator, ЦАП, ЦАП, цифро-аналоговый преобразователь (из цифрового кода в аналоговый сигнал)17) Вычислительная техника: data authentication code, design augmented by computer, digital arithmetic center, digital-analog-conversion, Dual Attached Concentrator (FDDI), Dual Address Cycle (PCI)18) Нефть: digital analogue converter, сбор данных и управление19) Банковское дело: требование оплаты ценных бумаг наличными при поставке (delivery against cost)21) Деловая лексика: Комитет помощи в целях развития (Development Aid Committee)22) Бытовая техника: цифрово-аналоговый преобразователь23) Глоссарий компании Сахалин Энерджи: distance-amplitude curve24) Инвестиции: delivery against cost25) Сетевые технологии: data authentification code, digital-to-analog converter, discretionary access control, дискретное управление доступом, избирательное управление доступом, код аутентификации данных, концентратор с двойным подключением к магистральной сети, управление дискретизацией доступа, цифро-аналоговый преобразователь26) Полимеры: diallyl chlorendate, differential aeration corrosion27) Программирование: Declare Address Constant28) Ядерная физика: Distance Amplitude Correction29) Контроль качества: ВРЧ (кривая коррекции «амплитуда-расстояние»)30) Полупроводники: digital-to-analogue converter31) Океанография: Data Assembly Centers32) Научный термин: Конференция по автоматизации проектирования33) Медицинская техника: Dynamic Aperture Control (УЗИ)34) Макаров: цифровой аналоговый преобразователь35) Безопасность: контроль доступа на входе-выходе, контрольно-пропускная служба, Door Access Control36) Расширение файла: Device Access Code, Digital to Analog Convertor, Sound (TI/MIT DAC format, byte reversed ADC file)37) Электротехника: distribution automation and control system38) Правительство: Derived Air Concentration39) Аэропорты: Dhaka, Bangladesh40) Программное обеспечение: Digital Acoustic Coding -
19 dac
1) Общая лексика: Discipline Acceptance Certificate2) Компьютерная техника: Digital Analog Converter, Dual Attachment Concentrator3) Авиация: design aperture cards, drawing aperture card4) Медицина: деацетилаза5) Американизм: Deferred Acquisition Costs6) Спорт: Drive Attitude And Confidence7) Военный термин: Date of Award of Contract, Department of Army Civilian, Department of the Army Civilian, Department of the Army civilians, Deputy Assistant Commandant, Deputy Assistant Controller, Designated Acquisition Commanders, Development Assistance Committee of OECD, Digital To Analog Conversion, Director of Army Contracts, Discriminating Attack Capability, damage assessment center, data analysis and control, data analysis console, division artillery commander, divisional ammunition column8) Техника: data acquisition computer, data acquisition controller, data analysis central, design acceptance criteria, digital-analog conversion, digital-analog converter, digital-to-analog conversion, direct access computing, director assignment console, display analysis console, document availably code9) Грубое выражение: Dirty Ass Crabs10) Металлургия: distance-amplitude correction (коррекция расстояния/амплитуды в дефектоскопах)11) Политика: КСР (Development Assistance Committee - http://www.oecd.org/document/32/0,3343,en_2649_33721_42632800_1_1_1_1,00.html), Комитет содействия развитию12) Телекоммуникации: Dual Attachment Concentrator (FDDI)13) Сокращение: Dangerous Air Cargo, Defence Audit Centre, Deployable ACCS Component, Deputate for Avionics Control, Designated Acquisition Commander, Digital Autopilot Control, Digital to Analog Converter, Douglas Aircraft Co. (USA), days after contract, Design Automation Conference, Development Assistance Committee, Digital Arithmetic Centre, Drive Automatic Computer14) Университет: Dean Advisory Council15) Физика: Diamond Anvil high pressure Cell, АВД (аппарат высокого давления с алмазными наковальнями), КВД (камера высокого давления с алмазными наковальнями), Diamond Anvil Cell, АВД типа "Наковальня"16) Электроника: Dual Attached Concentrator, ЦАП, ЦАП, цифро-аналоговый преобразователь (из цифрового кода в аналоговый сигнал)17) Вычислительная техника: data authentication code, design augmented by computer, digital arithmetic center, digital-analog-conversion, Dual Attached Concentrator (FDDI), Dual Address Cycle (PCI)18) Нефть: digital analogue converter, сбор данных и управление19) Банковское дело: требование оплаты ценных бумаг наличными при поставке (delivery against cost)21) Деловая лексика: Комитет помощи в целях развития (Development Aid Committee)22) Бытовая техника: цифрово-аналоговый преобразователь23) Глоссарий компании Сахалин Энерджи: distance-amplitude curve24) Инвестиции: delivery against cost25) Сетевые технологии: data authentification code, digital-to-analog converter, discretionary access control, дискретное управление доступом, избирательное управление доступом, код аутентификации данных, концентратор с двойным подключением к магистральной сети, управление дискретизацией доступа, цифро-аналоговый преобразователь26) Полимеры: diallyl chlorendate, differential aeration corrosion27) Программирование: Declare Address Constant28) Ядерная физика: Distance Amplitude Correction29) Контроль качества: ВРЧ (кривая коррекции «амплитуда-расстояние»)30) Полупроводники: digital-to-analogue converter31) Океанография: Data Assembly Centers32) Научный термин: Конференция по автоматизации проектирования33) Медицинская техника: Dynamic Aperture Control (УЗИ)34) Макаров: цифровой аналоговый преобразователь35) Безопасность: контроль доступа на входе-выходе, контрольно-пропускная служба, Door Access Control36) Расширение файла: Device Access Code, Digital to Analog Convertor, Sound (TI/MIT DAC format, byte reversed ADC file)37) Электротехника: distribution automation and control system38) Правительство: Derived Air Concentration39) Аэропорты: Dhaka, Bangladesh40) Программное обеспечение: Digital Acoustic Coding -
20 Computers
The brain has been compared to a digital computer because the neuron, like a switch or valve, either does or does not complete a circuit. But at that point the similarity ends. The switch in the digital computer is constant in its effect, and its effect is large in proportion to the total output of the machine. The effect produced by the neuron varies with its recovery from [the] refractory phase and with its metabolic state. The number of neurons involved in any action runs into millions so that the influence of any one is negligible.... Any cell in the system can be dispensed with.... The brain is an analogical machine, not digital. Analysis of the integrative activities will probably have to be in statistical terms. (Lashley, quoted in Beach, Hebb, Morgan & Nissen, 1960, p. 539)It is essential to realize that a computer is not a mere "number cruncher," or supercalculating arithmetic machine, although this is how computers are commonly regarded by people having no familiarity with artificial intelligence. Computers do not crunch numbers; they manipulate symbols.... Digital computers originally developed with mathematical problems in mind, are in fact general purpose symbol manipulating machines....The terms "computer" and "computation" are themselves unfortunate, in view of their misleading arithmetical connotations. The definition of artificial intelligence previously cited-"the study of intelligence as computation"-does not imply that intelligence is really counting. Intelligence may be defined as the ability creatively to manipulate symbols, or process information, given the requirements of the task in hand. (Boden, 1981, pp. 15, 16-17)The task is to get computers to explain things to themselves, to ask questions about their experiences so as to cause those explanations to be forthcoming, and to be creative in coming up with explanations that have not been previously available. (Schank, 1986, p. 19)In What Computers Can't Do, written in 1969 (2nd edition, 1972), the main objection to AI was the impossibility of using rules to select only those facts about the real world that were relevant in a given situation. The "Introduction" to the paperback edition of the book, published by Harper & Row in 1979, pointed out further that no one had the slightest idea how to represent the common sense understanding possessed even by a four-year-old. (Dreyfus & Dreyfus, 1986, p. 102)A popular myth says that the invention of the computer diminishes our sense of ourselves, because it shows that rational thought is not special to human beings, but can be carried on by a mere machine. It is a short stop from there to the conclusion that intelligence is mechanical, which many people find to be an affront to all that is most precious and singular about their humanness.In fact, the computer, early in its career, was not an instrument of the philistines, but a humanizing influence. It helped to revive an idea that had fallen into disrepute: the idea that the mind is real, that it has an inner structure and a complex organization, and can be understood in scientific terms. For some three decades, until the 1940s, American psychology had lain in the grip of the ice age of behaviorism, which was antimental through and through. During these years, extreme behaviorists banished the study of thought from their agenda. Mind and consciousness, thinking, imagining, planning, solving problems, were dismissed as worthless for anything except speculation. Only the external aspects of behavior, the surface manifestations, were grist for the scientist's mill, because only they could be observed and measured....It is one of the surprising gifts of the computer in the history of ideas that it played a part in giving back to psychology what it had lost, which was nothing less than the mind itself. In particular, there was a revival of interest in how the mind represents the world internally to itself, by means of knowledge structures such as ideas, symbols, images, and inner narratives, all of which had been consigned to the realm of mysticism. (Campbell, 1989, p. 10)[Our artifacts] only have meaning because we give it to them; their intentionality, like that of smoke signals and writing, is essentially borrowed, hence derivative. To put it bluntly: computers themselves don't mean anything by their tokens (any more than books do)-they only mean what we say they do. Genuine understanding, on the other hand, is intentional "in its own right" and not derivatively from something else. (Haugeland, 1981a, pp. 32-33)he debate over the possibility of computer thought will never be won or lost; it will simply cease to be of interest, like the previous debate over man as a clockwork mechanism. (Bolter, 1984, p. 190)t takes us a long time to emotionally digest a new idea. The computer is too big a step, and too recently made, for us to quickly recover our balance and gauge its potential. It's an enormous accelerator, perhaps the greatest one since the plow, twelve thousand years ago. As an intelligence amplifier, it speeds up everything-including itself-and it continually improves because its heart is information or, more plainly, ideas. We can no more calculate its consequences than Babbage could have foreseen antibiotics, the Pill, or space stations.Further, the effects of those ideas are rapidly compounding, because a computer design is itself just a set of ideas. As we get better at manipulating ideas by building ever better computers, we get better at building even better computers-it's an ever-escalating upward spiral. The early nineteenth century, when the computer's story began, is already so far back that it may as well be the Stone Age. (Rawlins, 1997, p. 19)According to weak AI, the principle value of the computer in the study of the mind is that it gives us a very powerful tool. For example, it enables us to formulate and test hypotheses in a more rigorous and precise fashion than before. But according to strong AI the computer is not merely a tool in the study of the mind; rather the appropriately programmed computer really is a mind in the sense that computers given the right programs can be literally said to understand and have other cognitive states. And according to strong AI, because the programmed computer has cognitive states, the programs are not mere tools that enable us to test psychological explanations; rather, the programs are themselves the explanations. (Searle, 1981b, p. 353)What makes people smarter than machines? They certainly are not quicker or more precise. Yet people are far better at perceiving objects in natural scenes and noting their relations, at understanding language and retrieving contextually appropriate information from memory, at making plans and carrying out contextually appropriate actions, and at a wide range of other natural cognitive tasks. People are also far better at learning to do these things more accurately and fluently through processing experience.What is the basis for these differences? One answer, perhaps the classic one we might expect from artificial intelligence, is "software." If we only had the right computer program, the argument goes, we might be able to capture the fluidity and adaptability of human information processing. Certainly this answer is partially correct. There have been great breakthroughs in our understanding of cognition as a result of the development of expressive high-level computer languages and powerful algorithms. However, we do not think that software is the whole story.In our view, people are smarter than today's computers because the brain employs a basic computational architecture that is more suited to deal with a central aspect of the natural information processing tasks that people are so good at.... hese tasks generally require the simultaneous consideration of many pieces of information or constraints. Each constraint may be imperfectly specified and ambiguous, yet each can play a potentially decisive role in determining the outcome of processing. (McClelland, Rumelhart & Hinton, 1986, pp. 3-4)Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Computers
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